How to Create Pro Forma Financial Statements: Step-by-Step Guide

Creating pro forma financial statements involves forecasting your company's financial future through a systematic process that combines historical data, market research, and reasonable assumptions to project income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements.

Introduction

Whether you're planning a business expansion, preparing for a funding round, or evaluating a potential acquisition, pro forma financial statements provide the roadmap for your financial future. While the process might seem intimidating, breaking it down into manageable steps makes it accessible even if you're not a financial expert.

This comprehensive guide walks you through the complete process of creating professional quality pro forma financial statements that will help you make better business decisions and impress stakeholders. We'll cover each step in detail, from gathering preliminary data to finalizing your projections, with practical examples and expert tips along the way.

Prerequisites: What You'll Need

Before diving into the creation process, gather these essential resources:

1. Historical financial statements(if available):

   • Income statements
   • Balance sheets
   • Cash flow statements

2. Business plan elements:

   • Sales and marketing strategies
   • Operational plans
   • Capital expenditure requirements
   • Staffing projections

3. Market research:

   • Industry growth rates
   • Competitor analysis
   • Market trends

4. Tools:

   • Spreadsheet software (Excel, Google Sheets)
   • Financial planning templates (optional)
   • Accounting software reports (optional)

With these resources at hand, you're ready to begin creating your pro forma financial statements.

Looking for help with your financial planning? Our network of experienced accountants can provide the guidance you need to create effective pro forma financial statements tailored to your business.

Step 1: Define Your Objectives and Timeframe

Every pro forma projection starts with clear objectives. Your goals will shape the entire process, from the level of detail to the time horizon.

Common Objectives for Pro Forma Statements

• Business planning: Internal guidance for management decisions
• Loan applications: Demonstrating repayment capacity to lenders
• Investor presentations: Showing growth potential and use of funds
• Acquisition analysis: Evaluating financial impacts of a potential purchase
• Strategic shifts: Assessing the impact of new products or market entries

Selecting the Right Timeframe

Most pro forma statements follow these timeframes:

• Short-term projections(1 year): Monthly or quarterly detail
• Medium-term projections(2-3 years): Quarterly or annual detail
• Long-term projections(3-5+ years): Annual detail

Example: Setting Objectives

For a retail business seeking expansion funding, appropriate objectives might include:

• Demonstrate profitability of new location within 18 months
• Show overall business growth of 50% within 3 years
• Illustrate cash flow needs during expansion phase
• Project return on investment for potential funders

The appropriate timeframe would be monthly projections for the first year, quarterly for year two, and annual for years three through five.

Step 2: Gather and Analyze Historical Data

Your historical performance provides the foundation for credible projections. This step is crucial for established businesses but can be adapted for startups using industry benchmarks.

Financial History Analysis

1. Collect 2-3 years of financial statementsif available

2. Calculate key metrics and ratios:

   • Gross margin percentage
   • Operating expense ratios
   • Growth rates by revenue stream
   • Working capital requirements
   • Fixed vs. variable costs

3. Identify trends and patterns:

   • Seasonal fluctuations
   • Year-over-year growth
   • Changing cost structures
   • Profit margin evolution

For Startups Without History

1. Research industry benchmarks:

   • Industry association reports
   • Small business development resources
   • Comparable company information

2. Network with similar businesses:

   • Join industry groups
   • Consult with mentors
   • Engage with accelerators or incubators

3. Develop realistic starting assumptions:

   • Conservative sales ramp-up periods
   • Higher-than-average initial expenses
   • Longer cash conversion cycles

Example: Historical Analysis for a Service Business

A marketing agency might analyze its historical data and find:

• 15% average annual revenue growth
• 60% gross margin consistently maintained
• Salaries running at 45% of revenue
• Rent and utilities stable at 8% of revenue
• Marketing costs at 5% of revenue
• Seasonal dips in Q1 and Q3

These patterns become the baseline for projections, adjusted for known future changes.

Step 3: Develop Key Assumptions

Pro forma projections are only as good as their underlying assumptions. This step requires careful consideration of both internal factors and external market conditions.

Revenue Assumptions

1. Growth rates by product/service line
2. Price changes and their timing
3. New product/service introductions
4. Customer retention rates
5. Seasonal fluctuations

Cost and Expense Assumptions

1. Cost of goods sold as percentage of revenue
2. Fixed vs. variable expenses
3. Salary increases and new hires
4. Rent and facilities costs
5. Marketing expenditures
6. Research and development

Capital and Financing Assumptions

1. Capital expenditure requirements
2. Depreciation schedules
3. Debt repayment terms
4. Equity investments
5. Dividend or distribution policies

Operational Assumptions

1. Inventory turnover rates
2. Accounts receivable collection periods
3. Accounts payable payment terms
4. Production capacity constraints
5. Staffing requirements

External Factor Assumptions

1. Industry growth trends
2. Competitive landscape changes
3. Regulatory impacts
4. Economic conditions
5. Supply chain considerations

Example: Key Assumptions for a Manufacturing Business

A furniture manufacturer might establish these assumptions:

• Revenue growth: 12% Year 1, 15% Year 2, 10% Year 3
• Material costs: 40% of revenue
• Labor costs: 25% of revenue with 3% annual increases
• New equipment purchase: $250,000 in Year 1
• Equipment depreciation: 7-year straight-line
• Collection period: 45 days
• Inventory turnover: 6 times per year
• New product line launch: Q3 of Year 1

Documenting assumptions thoroughly helps you explain your projections to stakeholders and makes it easier to update forecasts as conditions change.

Step 4: Create Your Pro Forma Income Statement

The income statement (profit and loss statement) is typically the first pro forma statement to create because it drives many elements of the other statements.

Step-by-Step Process

1. Project revenuefor each period:

   • Start with baseline revenue
   • Apply growth assumptions
   • Adjust for seasonality
   • Add new product/service revenues

2. Calculate cost of goods sold:

   • Apply COGS percentages to revenue
   • Adjust for anticipated changes in costs
   • Factor in economies of scale

3. Calculate gross profit:

   • Revenue minus COGS
   • Track gross margin percentages

4. Project operating expenses:

   • Apply percentages for variable expenses
   • Project fixed costs independently
   • Add one-time expenses
   • Plan for step changes (e.g., new hires, facilities)

5. Calculate EBITDA(Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization)

6. Project depreciation and amortization:

   • Existing assets
   • New capital expenditures

7. Calculate operating income(EBITDA minus depreciation and amortization)

8. Project interest expense and income:

   • Existing debt obligations
   • New financing
   • Investment returns

9. Calculate pre-tax income

10. Estimate income taxes:

    • Apply appropriate tax rates
    • Account for credits and deductions

11. Calculate net income

Example: Simplified Pro Forma Income Statement

For a software company projecting 3 years:

PRO FORMA INCOME STATEMENT Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Revenue $1,000,000 $1,400,000 $1,960,000 Cost of Revenue $200,000 $280,000 $392,000 Gross Profit $800,000 $1,120,000 $1,568,000 Gross Margin 80% 80% 80% Operating Expenses Salaries & Benefits $450,000 $600,000 $800,000 Marketing $100,000 $140,000 $196,000 Rent $60,000 $60,000 $90,000 Utilities $24,000 $26,000 $30,000 Insurance $18,000 $20,000 $22,000 Other Expenses $48,000 $60,000 $80,000 Total Operating Exp. $700,000 $906,000 $1,218,000 EBITDA $100,000 $214,000 $350,000 Depreciation $20,000 $35,000 $45,000 Operating Income $80,000 $179,000 $305,000 Interest Expense $15,000 $12,000 $8,000 Pre-Tax Income $65,000 $167,000 $297,000 Income Taxes $13,000 $33,400 $59,400 Net Income $52,000 $133,600 $237,600

Step 5: Develop Your Pro Forma Balance Sheet

The balance sheet projects your company's future financial position, showing assets, liabilities, and equity at specific future dates.

Step-by-Step Process

1. Start with your current balance sheet(or opening balances for new businesses)

2. Project assets:

   • Cash: Link to ending cash from pro forma cash flow statement
   • Accounts receivable: Based on revenue and collection period assumptions
   • Inventory: Based on COGS and inventory turnover assumptions
   • Prepaid expenses: Project based on historical patterns or business plan
   • Fixed assets: Add capital expenditures and subtract depreciation
   • Intangible assets: Account for acquisitions, development costs, and amortization

3. Project liabilities:

   • Accounts payable: Based on COGS/expenses and payment terms
   • Accrued expenses: Project based on operating costs
   • Short-term debt: Schedule current portions of long-term debt
   • Long-term debt: Reflect principal payments and new borrowing
   • Other liabilities: Project based on business plans

4. Project equity:

   • Paid-in capital: Add planned equity investments
   • Retained earnings: Add net income, subtract distributions/dividends
   • Treasury stock: Account for share repurchases if applicable
   • Other equity accounts: Project based on specific plans

5. Balance check: Ensure total assets equal total liabilities plus equity for each period

Example: Simplified Pro Forma Balance Sheet

For the same software company:

PRO FORMA BALANCE SHEET Start Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 ASSETS Current Assets Cash $100,000 $125,000 $240,000 $450,000 Accounts Receivable $70,000 $82,000 $115,000 $162,000 Prepaid Expenses $12,000 $15,000 $18,000 $22,000 Total Current Assets $182,000 $222,000 $373,000 $634,000 Fixed Assets Equipment & Furniture $200,000 $250,000 $300,000 $350,000 Less: Accum. Depr. ($50,000) ($70,000) ($105,000) ($150,000) Net Fixed Assets $150,000 $180,000 $195,000 $200,000 Other Assets $25,000 $23,000 $20,000 $18,000 TOTAL ASSETS $357,000 $425,000 $588,000 $852,000 LIABILITIES & EQUITY Current Liabilities Accounts Payable $30,000 $35,000 $46,000 $62,000 Accrued Expenses $15,000 $18,000 $24,000 $32,000 Current Debt $25,000 $30,000 $35,000 $40,000 Total Current Liab. $70,000 $83,000 $105,000 $134,000 Long-Term Debt $150,000 $120,000 $85,000 $45,000 Total Liabilities $220,000 $203,000 $190,000 $179,000 Equity Paid-in Capital $100,000 $125,000 $150,000 $150,000 Retained Earnings $37,000 $97,000 $248,000 $523,000 Total Equity $137,000 $222,000 $398,000 $673,000 TOTAL LIABILITIES & EQUITY $357,000 $425,000 $588,000 $852,000

Step 6: Create Your Pro Forma Cash Flow Statement

The cash flow statement is critical for identifying potential cash shortfalls and ensuring your business maintains adequate liquidity.

Step-by-Step Process

1. Start with net incomefrom your pro forma income statement

2. Adjust for non-cash items:

   • Add back depreciation and amortization
   • Add back other non-cash expenses
   • Subtract non-cash income

3. Calculate changes in working capital:

   • Increase in accounts receivable (negative cash impact)
   • Decrease in accounts receivable (positive cash impact)
   • Increase in inventory (negative cash impact)
   • Decrease in inventory (positive cash impact)
   • Increase in accounts payable (positive cash impact)
   • Decrease in accounts payable (negative cash impact)
   • Changes in other current assets and liabilities

4. Calculate cash flow from operations

5. Project investing activities:

   • Capital expenditures (negative cash impact)
   • Asset sales (positive cash impact)
   • Acquisitions (negative cash impact)
   • Other investing activities

6. Project financing activities:

   • Debt proceeds (positive cash impact)
   • Debt repayments (negative cash impact)
   • Equity investments (positive cash impact)
   • Dividend/distribution payments (negative cash impact)
   • Other financing activities

7. Calculate net change in cash

8. Determine ending cash balancefor each period:

   • Beginning cash balance + Net change in cash

Example: Simplified Pro Forma Cash Flow Statement

For the same software company:

PRO FORMA CASH FLOW STATEMENT Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net Income $52,000 $133,600 $237,600 Adjustments Depreciation $20,000 $35,000 $45,000 Changes in Working Capital Accounts Receivable ($12,000) ($33,000) ($47,000) Prepaid Expenses ($3,000) ($3,000) ($4,000) Accounts Payable $5,000 $11,000 $16,000 Accrued Expenses $3,000 $6,000 $8,000 Net Cash from Operations $65,000 $149,600 $255,600 INVESTING ACTIVITIES Capital Expenditures ($50,000) ($50,000) ($50,000) Other Investing $2,000 $3,000 $2,000 Net Cash from Investing ($48,000) ($47,000) ($48,000) FINANCING ACTIVITIES Debt Proceeds $0 $0 $0 Debt Repayments ($25,000) ($30,000) ($35,000) Equity Investment $25,000 $25,000 $0 Dividends ($7,000) ($17,600) ($27,600) Net Cash from Financing $8,000 ($34,600) ($62,600) Net Change in Cash $25,000 $115,000 $145,000 Beginning Cash Balance $100,000 $125,000 $240,000 Ending Cash Balance $125,000 $240,000 $450,000

Step 7: Check for Internal Consistency

Pro forma statements must be internally consistent. Each statement connects to the others in specific ways, and errors in one flow through to the others.

Key Consistency Checks

1. Income Statement to Balance Sheet:

   • Net income should flow to retained earnings (minus distributions)
   • Revenue and collection period should align with accounts receivable
   • COGS and payment terms should align with accounts payable

2. Income Statement to Cash Flow Statement:

   • Net income is the starting point for cash flow from operations
   • Depreciation in the income statement should match the add-back in cash flow

3. Balance Sheet to Cash Flow Statement:

   • Changes in balance sheet accounts should be reflected in cash flow
   • Ending cash on the balance sheet must equal the cash flow statement's ending balance
   • Capital expenditures in cash flow should match changes in fixed assets plus depreciation

4. Internal Balance Sheet Checks:

   • Total assets must equal total liabilities plus equity
   • Individual account balances should make logical sense

Common Inconsistency Issues

• Cash flow disconnects: Ending cash doesn't match the balance sheet
• Retained earnings mismatches: Not properly flowing net income less distributions
• Working capital disconnects: Changes in receivables, inventory, or payables not matching operations
• Fixed asset inconsistencies: Capital expenditures not properly reflected
• Debt misalignments: Debt balances not reflecting payments and new borrowings

Use cross-checks and formulas to ensure your three statements maintain their logical relationships throughout the projection period.

Step 8: Perform Sensitivity Analysis

No projection is certain. Sensitivity analysis helps you understand how changes in key assumptions affect your financial projections.

Approaches to Sensitivity Analysis

1. Scenario analysis: Create different versions of your projections:

   • Base case: Your most likely scenario
   • Optimistic case: Better-than-expected performance
   • Conservative case: Worse-than-expected performance

2. Variable testing: Adjust one variable at a time to see the impact:

   • Revenue growth rates
   • Gross margin percentages
   • Operating expense levels
   • Collection periods
   • Inventory turnover

3. Monte Carlo simulation: For advanced analysis, use software to run hundreds or thousands of scenarios with random variations within defined ranges.

Key Variables to Test

• Revenue growth: Try ±25% of your base assumption
• Gross margin: Test variations of 2-5 percentage points
• Operating expenses: Try ±10% of your base assumption
• Collection period: Test extending by 15-30 days
• Capital needs: Test 25% higher investment requirements

Example: Sensitivity Analysis Results

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS - NET INCOME Scenario Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Base Case $52,000 $133,600 $237,600 Revenue -10% $32,000 $93,600 $162,600 Revenue +10% $72,000 $173,600 $312,600 COGS +5% $37,000 $113,600 $207,600 OpEx +10% $30,000 $102,200 $191,800

This analysis shows how vulnerable profits are to changes in key variables, helping you identify which factors need the closest management attention.

Step 9: Review and Refine

Before finalizing your pro forma statements, conduct a thorough review looking for errors, inconsistencies, and opportunities for improvement.

Review Checklist

1. Verify formulas and linkagesbetween statements
2. Compare key ratiosto industry benchmarks
3. Check for unrealistic projections:
   • Unusually high growth rates
   • Margins exceeding industry norms
   • Dramatic efficiency improvements
   • Unsustainable cash flow patterns
4. Review assumptionsfor reasonableness and documentation
5. Confirm mathematical accuracy
6. Check for formatting and presentation issues

Common Refinements

• Add explanatory notesfor significant changes or unusual items
• Smooth out unrealistic fluctuations
• Incorporate feedbackfrom team members and advisors
• Add visual elementslike charts and graphs
• Prepare supplementary schedulesfor complex items

Example: Ratio Analysis Review

RATIO ANALYSIS Industry Avg Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Gross Margin 76% 80% 80% 80% Operating Margin 12% 8% 13% 16% Net Profit Margin 9% 5% 10% 12% Current Ratio 1.8 2.7 3.6 4.7 Debt-to-Equity 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.3

This analysis shows that while gross margin exceeds the industry average (potentially requiring explanation), other profitability measures start below industry norms but improve over time. The liquidity and leverage ratios show a company becoming increasingly financially stable.

Step 10: Present Your Pro Forma Statements Effectively

The presentation of your pro forma statements is as important as their content, especially if they'll be shared with external stakeholders.

Presentation Elements

1. Executive summary: Highlight key projections and assumptions
2. Complete set of statements: Income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement
3. Key assumptions page: Document all significant assumptions
4. Sensitivity analysis: Show alternative scenarios
5. Charts and graphs: Visualize important trends
6. Ratio analysis: Compare key metrics to industry standards
7. Notes and explanations: Clarify unusual items or methodologies

Presentation Tips

• Keep it clean and professional: Use consistent formatting and clear labels
• Use monthly detail for the near term: Show the first year by month, then quarterly or annually for later years
• Provide context: Compare projections to historical performance when available
• Be transparent about assumptions: Never hide or obscure the bases for your projections
• Prepare to explain variances: Be ready to discuss differences from industry norms or past performance
• Include a narrative: Accompany statements with written explanation of key points

Tools and Resources for Creating Pro Forma Statements

Spreadsheet Templates

The most flexible approach is to use a spreadsheet application like Excel or Google Sheets. Many templates are available that provide the basic structure for pro forma statements:

• Financial planning templates from accounting associations
• Small business development center resources
• Online financial planning sites

Specialized Software

For more complex businesses or advanced financial modeling:

• Financial planning software: Adaptive Planning, Prophix, Anaplan
• Accounting software with forecasting modules: QuickBooks, Xero, NetSuite
• Dedicated financial modeling applications: Finmark, PlanGuru, Brixx

Professional Assistance

Sometimes the best approach is to engage professional help:

• Accountants: For technical accounting accuracy
• Financial advisors: For realistic assumptions and industry insights
• Business consultants: For strategic alignment

Our network ofqualified accountantsandfinancial advisorscan provide expert guidance tailored to your specific business needs.

Frequently Asked Questions

How accurate do pro forma statements need to be?

Pro forma statements are projections, not guarantees. The goal is reasonableness, not perfect accuracy. Most businesses consider projections successful if they're within 20% of actual results in year one, with wider acceptable variances in later years. The real value often comes from the planning process itself, not just the final numbers.

What's the most common mistake in creating pro forma statements?

Overoptimism, especially regarding revenue growth and the timing of that growth. Most businesses experience slower sales ramp-ups and higher initial costs than they project. Conservative revenue projections paired with slightly higher-than-expected expenses often produce more realistic results.

How do I handle uncertainty in my projections?

Use scenario planning and sensitivity analysis to show ranges of potential outcomes rather than single-point estimates. Document your key risk factors and how you've accounted for them. Consider providing probability weightings for different scenarios if appropriate for your audience.

How often should I update my pro forma statements?

For active businesses, quarterly updates are typical, comparing actual results to projections and adjusting future periods accordingly. For startups or businesses in rapidly changing environments, monthly updates may be appropriate. At minimum, conduct a full refresh annually during your business planning cycle.

What level of detail should I include in my pro forma statements?

The appropriate level of detail depends on your audience and purpose:

• Internal planning: More detail is better
• Lender presentations: Moderate detail with clear assumptions
• Investor pitches: Focus on key drivers and milestones
• Strategic planning: Emphasize relevant segments and decision points

Conclusion

Creating pro forma financial statements is both an art and a science. The technical aspects of financial projections must be balanced with business judgment and realistic assumptions about the future.

By following this step-by-step guide, you can develop pro forma statements that serve as valuable tools for planning, fundraising, and strategic decision-making. Remember that the process is iterative—your projections will evolve as your business grows and market conditions change.

The most valuable pro forma statements aren't necessarily those that predict the future with perfect accuracy (which is impossible), but those that help you understand the key drivers of your business, anticipate potential challenges, and prepare for various scenarios.

Need help creating professional pro forma financial statements for your business?Connect with experienced accounting professionalswho can guide you through the process and help you develop projections that inform better business decisions.

Author: Kimi, Co-founder of Sam's List

Kimi writes about what she's learning while building Sam's List and shares honest takeaways from her conversations with accountants and financial advisors across the country. None of this is financial advice—just the stuff most people wish someone told them sooner.