Are you a small business ownertrying to decide between hiring a CPA or an EA? With tax season in full swing, it's important to understand the differences between these two types of tax professionals. These two professionalsoffer similar services but differ in their focusand the breadth of work they can perform. In this article, we'll explain the difference between a CPA and an EA, their services, and when it might make sense for your business to hire one.

Key Takeaways

CPAs offer broader serviceslike financial consulting, auditing, and business strategy, while EAs focus specifically on tax-related matters.

EAs are federally licensed, allowing them to represent taxpayers in any state, while CPAs are state-licensed and must meet strict educational and experience requirements.

CPAs typically charge higher feesdue to their broader scope of services, while EAs offer more cost-effective solutions for tax-specific needs.

Choose a CPA for complex financial advice, a business audit, and an EA for focused tax preparation and IRS representation.

What is a CPA?

A CPA, or Certified Public Accountant, is a licensed accounting professional who has met specific educational and experience requirements set by their state's Board of Accountancy.  They have passed the rigorous Uniform CPA Exam, which tests knowledge in auditing, business concepts, financial accounting, and regulation. CPAs offer a wide range of financial services to individuals and businesses. While they are well-known for their tax preparation and planning expertise, their scope of practice extends far beyond tax season.

Examples of CPA services

CPAs offer a broad range of services, including:

Tax Services: CPAs help plan, prepare, and file for individuals and businesses. They can also represent clients in audits or disputes with the IRS.

Auditing and Assurance: CPAs conduct financial audits to ensure businesses comply with regulations and accurately report their financial status. They also provide assurance services to assess the integrity of financial data.

Financial Consulting: CPAs advise on financial strategies, budgeting, and long-term planning to help businesses optimize profitability and efficiency.

Forensic Accounting: In financial fraud or disputes, CPAs can investigate discrepancies in financial records and provide litigation support.

Business Valuation: CPAs assess the value of businesses for mergers, acquisitions, or legal proceedings.

Management Advisory: CPAs offer consulting services related to business operations, including risk management, cost control, and internal process improvements.

Estate and Retirement Planning: CPAs help individuals and businesses plan for retirement or manage their estates to minimize taxes and ensure smooth transitions.

What is an Enrolled Agent (EA)?

An Enrolled Agent (EA) isa federally-authorized tax professional specializing in taxation. EAs arelicensed by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)and have the authority to represent taxpayers in all matters before the IRS, including audits, collections, and appeals. They focus solely on tax-related services, unlike CPAs, whose expertise spans a broader range of financial services. To become an EA, individuals must pass the Special Enrollment Examination (SEE) or qualify based on prior IRS employment.  The EA credential is recognized nationwide,allowing them to represent clients across all states. This makes them valuable for complex tax situations. EAs must also maintain their credentialsthrough continuing education in tax law.

Examples of EA Services

Enrolled Agents (EAs) provide specialized tax services, including:

Tax Preparation: EAs prepare tax returns for individuals, businesses, estates, and trusts, ensuring compliance with federal and state tax laws.

Tax Representation: EAs are authorized to represent clients before the IRS in audits, tax disputes, appeals, and collections.

Tax Planning: EAs help clients develop strategies to minimize tax liabilities through efficient planning, deductions, and credits.

Resolving Tax Issues: EAs assist in resolving tax debt issues, including negotiating installment agreements, filing for Offer in Compromise (OIC), and removing wage garnishments or tax liens.

Consultation on Tax Law: EAs advise clients on tax law changes and how to optimize their financial decisions in light of evolving tax regulations​

While EAs specialize in taxation, they may also offer bookkeeping, accounting, and financial planning services.  However, unlike CPAs, they cannot perform audits or attest to the accuracy of financial statements.

CPA vs EA: Key Differences

The key differences between a CPA (Certified Public Accountant) and an EA (Enrolled Agent) lie in the scope of services, credentials, and authority.

1. Scope of Services

CPAs provide various financial services, including tax preparation, auditing, financial consulting, business advisory, and management accounting. They help businesses with audits, financial statement preparation, and business strategy. For example, a CPA might assist a company in budgeting, investment planning, or providing audit reports required for regulatory compliance. EAs, on the other hand, focussolely on tax-related services. They handle tax preparation, planning, and representation before the IRS during audits, collections, or appeals. While a CPA may have broader duties, an EA's deep specialization in taxation allows them to excel in handling complex tax issues. For instance, an EA can represent you and negotiate on your behalf if you're facing an IRS audit.

2. Credentialing and Licensure

CPAs are licensed at the state level, meaning their practice is tied to the state where they hold their license. They must meet specific education requirements (150 credit hours of college education), pass a rigorous four-part CPA exam, and gain work experience. CPAs must also complete continuing education to maintain their certification.EAs, in contrast, are federally licensed by the IRS, allowing them to represent clients in any state.  To become an EA, individuals must pass the Special Enrollment Examination (SEE) or qualify based on prior IRS experience.EAs are not required to have a college degreebut must complete continuing education in tax law to retain their credentials. The only educational requirement is a high school diploma or equivalent, after which you must demonstrate special competence in tax matters by passing the SEE exam.

3. Representation Rights

CPAs and EAs can represent clients before the IRS, butEAs specialize in this area. EAs have unlimited practice rights, meaning they can represent any taxpayer in any IRS office nationwide for tax-related issues. CPAs also have unlimited representation rights but may have additional regulatory restrictions depending on their state licensing. If you're dealing with a tax dispute or an IRS collection issue, an EA and a CPA can represent you.  However,EAs are more experienced in tax disputes because of their focus, while CPAs might bring broader financial knowledge to the table in addition to tax expertise​.

4. Cost

EAs generally charge lower fees than CPAs, especially for routine tax services like preparation and filing. EAs' hourly rates average between $28 to $36, whereasCPAs' ratescan range from $30 to $500 depending on experience and other factors.CPAs charge more because they can offer additional servicesbeyond tax preparation, such as auditing and financial planning. A CPA might be worth the higher cost if you're looking for comprehensive financial advice.  However, an EA may offer a more cost-effective solution for pure tax-related matters.

5. Educational Requirements

Becoming aCPA requires more education. Candidates need a bachelor’s degree and 150 credit hours, followed by passing a four-part exam. After passing, CPAs are required to gain work experience (usually 1-2 years) before obtaining their license. For EAs,the main requirement is passing the SEE, which focuses entirely on tax law. There is no degree or experience requirement, making it a more accessible option for those who want to specialize in tax representation​.

Summary

CPAsoffer broader services beyond taxes, including auditing, financial consulting, and business strategy.

EAsspecialize strictly in taxation, offering in-depth expertise in tax law and representation before the IRS.

CPAsare state-licensed and must meet stringent education and experience requirements, whileEAsare federally licensed by the IRS and do not require a college degree.

EAscharge lower fees for tax-related services thanCPAs, who offer more comprehensive financial services.

When to Choose a CPA or EA

Deciding between a CPA and an EA depends on your specific financial needs and goals. Here are some factors to consider when making your choice:

When to Choose a CPA

Broad Financial Needs: A CPA is better if your financial situation goes beyond just tax issues. CPAs can assist with auditing, financial planning, investment advice, business consulting, and preparing financial statements. For example, if you're a business owner needing tax preparation and financial strategy, a CPA can handle both aspects.

Audits and Financial Reporting: A CPA is necessary to prepare audited financial statements or comply with financial reporting standards. CPAs are certified to conduct audits and review financial statements, which EAs cannot do.

Complex Business Advice: For business owners looking to optimize operations, manage cash flow, or expand, a CPA’s experience in business consulting and financial management will provide more comprehensive guidance beyond just tax planning.

Regulatory Compliance: CPAs are often essential for navigating complex compliance issues, especially for publicly traded companies or businesses dealing with regulatory scrutiny in financial matters

When to Choose an EA

Tax-Specific Services: If you need focused help with taxes—whether for individuals, businesses, estates, or trusts—an EA may be your best choice. EAs specialize in tax preparation, planning, and resolving tax disputes with the IRS, offering expert knowledge of the tax code.

IRS Representation: If you're facing an audit or collections or need help appealing an IRS decision, an EA can represent you in any state and handle complex tax issues, often at a lower cost than a CPA​.

Cost-Effective Tax Solutions: For routine tax matters or if cost is a concern, EAs tend to charge less than CPAs, making them a good choice for tax preparation and representation without the need for broader financial services.

Finding the Best CPA or EA for Your Needs

To find the right CPA or EA, start by identifying your specific needs.Do you need help with taxes, financial planning, or handling an IRS audit?Once you know what you're looking for, seek professionals with the right experience and expertise. Check their credentials and see if they have a strong track record in the areas that matter to you. Also,review their past client feedback. Testimonials or endorsements can give you insights into their work and whether they fit your business or personal finances.Make sure you understand how they chargeso you can avoid surprises down the line. To make the process easier, useSam’s Listto connect with accountants. You can see who’s endorsed them, ask questions directly, and get matched with a professional that fits your needs. ExploreSam’s Listtodayand confidently take control of your business.

CPA vs EA: Frequently Asked Questions  

Can an EA represent me in an IRS audit?

Yes, an Enrolled Agent (EA) can fully represent you in an IRS audit. EAs are federally licensed and authorized to represent taxpayers in all tax matters, including audits, appeals, and collections, across all states.

What can a CPA do that an EA can't?

A CPA can perform broader financial services that an EA cannot, such as auditing financial statements, offering business consulting, and preparing financial reports. CPAs are also licensed to provide services beyond tax, such as management advisory and financial planning.

Do I need a CPA or EA for my small business taxes?

For small business taxes, both a CPA and an EA can help with tax preparation and planning. If your needs are strictly tax-related, an EA may be a more cost-effective option. However, a CPA would be more suitable if you need broader financial advice, such as budgeting or financial statement preparation.

How do CPA and EA salaries compare?

According to theBureau of Labor Statistics,the median annual wage for accountants and auditors, which includes CPAs,was $79,880 in May 2023. According toZipRecruiter, as of July 2024, the average annual salary for anEnrolled Agent in the United States is $72,507. However, salary differences depend on factors like experience, location, and the complexity of the services. Also, CPAs and EAs in private practice may have different fee structures and earning potential compared to those working for firms or organizations.